Fig. 1

Project workflow. This figure illustrates our overall workflow in the present study. US FDA drug labels were analyzed to identify ADRs and normalized them through MedDRA v20 and OAE using ADR-SciMiner. A network of ADR-ADR based on the ADRs reported to have been caused by NIDs was constructed. The most central ADRs in the network were analyzed. The characteristics of NID-associated ADRs were further explored using the ontological structures in OAE